Advances in Bio-Insecticides: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Field Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18099441Keywords:
Bio-insecticides, Botanical insecticides, Integrated pest management, Microbial insecticides, Sustainable agricultureAbstract
The harmful impacts of the traditional chemical pesticides on environment, creatures that coexist, and human health have made a huge demand for sustainable farming techniques worldwide. Bio-insecticides, which offer targeted pest control from natural sources such as plants and microbes and their bioactive metabolites have emerged as eco-friendly and effective solutions in this regard. These biologically based medicines offer selective toxicity against a variety of insect pest through a variety of mechanisms, including neurotoxicity, digestive inhibition, pathogenic infection, hormone disruption, and behavioral alteration. Their physiological and biochemical means of actions are better known due to the recent research developments that have also enhanced the formulation methods and tactics of field application. Their stability, persistence and effectiveness under a variety of environmental conditions has been further improved through modern delivery techniques, such as microencapsulation, nano biopesticides and synergistic combinations with other biological or cultural practices. Despite problems with short shelf life, sensitivity to the environment, and regulatory restrictions, bio-insecticides have shown great potential in the integrated pest management (IPM) systems, which reduce the dependence on conventional pesticides and promote ecological balance and crop yield. The ways, efficiency, formulation, and applications in the field of bio-insecticides are summarized in this review together with possible future directions, such as genetic improvements, advances in technology, and sustainable deployment strategies. All of these developments make bio-insecticides an important tool for modern crop protection that reduces the use of chemicals, ensures food security, and achieves environmentally sustainable agriculture.
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